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A diffusion-based 3D printing strategy to fabricate self-supporting, perfusable networks.

Daniel Ramos Mejia1, Betty Cai1, Sean Chryz Iranzo1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.

BMC Methods
|March 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed Gelation of Uniform Interfacial Diffusant in Embedded 3D Printing (GUIDE-3DP), a novel 3D bioprinting method for creating self-supporting, perfusable vascular networks. This technique enables precise control over channel dimensions and complex geometries for tissue engineering applications.

Keywords:
BiofabricationBioprintingPerfusable structuresVascular mimics

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Area of Science:

  • Bioprinting and Tissue Engineering
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Vascularization Strategies

Background:

  • Engineered vasculature is crucial for functional tissue biofabrication.
  • Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers a promising approach for creating perfusable, customized vascular structures.
  • Conventional sacrificial ink extrusion methods face challenges in fabricating self-supporting vessel-like shells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel 3D bioprinting approach, GUIDE-3DP, for fabricating self-supporting, perfusable vascular networks.
  • To provide an end-to-end protocol for designing, printing, and endothelializing vascular-like structures.
  • To demonstrate the adaptability of the GUIDE-3DP method for creating complex perfusable architectures.

Main Methods:

  • Developed Gelation of Uniform Interfacial Diffusant in Embedded 3D Printing (GUIDE-3DP) utilizing crosslinking initiator diffusion.
  • Established a protocol encompassing freeform print path design, specialized ink and support bath preparation, and 3D printing.
  • Incorporated endothelial cell seeding for creating functionalized vascular constructs.

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated self-supporting, perfusable vascular networks with precise control over inner and outer channel diameters.
  • Demonstrated the fabrication of complex geometries, including retinal vasculature, hierarchical branched networks, and dual-material capillary-like networks.
  • Achieved successful endothelialization of printed structures using single- or dual-cell types.

Conclusions:

  • The GUIDE-3DP method enables the fabrication of self-supporting, perfusable vascular networks with intricate designs.
  • The protocol is versatile and adaptable for creating various perfusable structures beyond vascular mimics.
  • This advancement holds significant potential for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.