Surveillance of Acute Respiratory Infections in Central India (2024-2025) Using Multiplex RT-PCR

A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the spectrum and demographic distribution of respiratory pathogens and their association with clinical outcomes among patients in the Wardha district over a nine-month period.

We conducted a retrospective analysis of respiratory samples tested using a multiplex real-time RT-PCR panel at a tertiary care hospital in Wardha, Maharashtra, from July 2024 to March 2025. Samples were collected only from inpatient wards and intensive care units (ICUs). Pathogen detection rates were stratified by age group and analyzed for seasonal trends.

Of 476 samples tested, 286 (60%) were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen. The most frequently detected pathogens were bacterial species (211 cases) and viral pathogens, including influenza A and influenza B (79 cases), as well as rhinovirus and parainfluenza viruses. Other identified pathogens included Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and non-SARS coronaviruses. Mortality was highest in older adults (≥61 years; odds ratio [OR], 3.50; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.07-4.92; p<0.001). Detection of coronavirus HKU1 (OR, 2.41; 95% CI: 1.06-3.76; p=0.001) and SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (OR, 1.01; 95% CI: 0.01-2.00; p=0.047) was independently associated with increased risk of death.

Our multiplex RT-PCR surveillance revealed a significant burden of bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens, with notable seasonal and age-related variations. Routine syndromic testing can enhance pathogen detection and support public health strategies in resource-limited settings.

Graphic Abstract.