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Related Concept Videos

Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

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Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One...
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If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
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In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
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Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions. This type of research approach is known as archival research. Archival research relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships. For example, a researcher might access the academic records of all individuals who enrolled in college within the past ten years and...
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Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
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Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 12, 2026

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa
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Addressing the need for an operational research framework for Africa.

Isaac A Choge1, Neema W Kamara1, Merawi T Aragaw2

  • 1Department of Emergency Preparedness and Response (EPR), Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Journal of Public Health in Africa
|March 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Africa needs an operational research (OR) framework to enhance disease outbreak response. This framework will guide research and evidence use for public health emergencies across all 55 member states.

Keywords:
Africa CDCdiseases threatsemergenciesimplementation researchoperational researchprevention

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Health Policy

Background:

  • The Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) supports 55 African member states in public health.
  • Established in 2016/2017, Africa CDC aims to strengthen institutional capacity for disease detection and response.
  • Africa requires a robust operational research (OR) framework to manage public health emergencies effectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the necessity of an operational research (OR) framework for public health emergencies in Africa.
  • To outline the development process for this crucial OR framework.
  • To support the Africa CDC in enhancing research capabilities across member states.

Main Methods:

  • Expert reviews were conducted to inform the framework's development.
  • The process involved outlining institutional structures, procedures, and standards for OR.
  • Methodologies and tools for context-specific OR were identified.

Main Results:

  • The study highlights a critical need for a standardized OR framework in Africa.
  • A process for developing the framework, tailored for public health emergencies, has been outlined.
  • The framework aims to guide the initiation, design, and implementation of OR.

Conclusions:

  • An operational research (OR) framework is essential for strengthening Africa's response to public health emergencies.
  • The proposed framework will provide guidance on conducting context-specific research and utilizing evidence for policy.
  • This initiative supports the Africa CDC's mandate to improve public health institutional capabilities across the continent.