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A model is a theoretical way to understand a concept or an idea. Models can overcome barriers to health regardless of diverse economic and cultural backgrounds. In addition, models make the task easier by providing different ways to approach complex issues. There are two major health promotion models: the health belief model and the health promotion model.
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The person's health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the concept of illness prevention, there are two models. First, the health-illness continuum model is a graphic representation of an individual's wellness. It states that a person is considered healthy in the absence of physical disease and the presence of good emotional health.
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Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Health literacy is an individual's or a community's capacity to comprehend, receive, read, and use relevant healthcare information and services. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) defines health literacy as the cognitive and social skills that determine the ability of individuals to gain access to, understand, and use information in ways that promote and maintain good health. As a result, the WHO helps individuals manage long-term health concerns, participate in preventative...
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Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
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Empowering Students as Advocates for Health Equity: A Multisite Multimethod Study.

Monika Costa1, Michele M McKelvey, Joan Esper Kuhnly

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Nursing Education Perspectives
|March 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Antiracist pedagogies in nursing education improve understanding of systemic racism and its impact on maternal health. This approach cultivates culturally competent nurses prepared to advocate for health equity.

Keywords:
Cultural HumilityHealth DisparitiesNurse AdvocacyNursing StudentsStructural Racism

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Area of Science:

  • Nursing Education
  • Health Equity
  • Antiracism Studies

Background:

  • National League for Nursing and American Association of Colleges of Nursing emphasize preparing nurses to address systemic racism.
  • Nurses need to understand social and structural determinants of health and health disparities.
  • Addressing systemic racism is crucial for reducing health inequities in patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To integrate antiracist pedagogies into nursing curricula.
  • To enhance nursing students' understanding of systemic racism's effects on maternal health.
  • To equip future nurses to advocate for health equity.

Main Methods:

  • A multisite, multimethod study was conducted.
  • Critical race theory guided the implementation of antiracist pedagogies in perinatal nursing courses.
  • Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 97 baccalaureate nursing students via surveys.

Main Results:

  • The redesigned perinatal course significantly impacted nursing students' perspectives.
  • Students demonstrated a deeper understanding of health disparities and social determinants affecting marginalized populations.
  • The curriculum fostered critical awareness of racism's role in health outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Antiracist pedagogies are essential for preparing nurses to provide equitable and unbiased care.
  • Nursing education plays a vital role in cultivating antiracist practices within the healthcare system.
  • Integrating these pedagogies promotes a more just and equitable healthcare environment.