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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The traditional reductionist scientific view posits that 'the whole equals the sum of its parts'.
  • Nature, however, presents emergent properties in aggregates not found in individual components.
  • Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is a key example, where nonluminescent molecules become emissive upon aggregation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To trace the evolution of scientific focus from molecular properties to aggregate functions.
  • To introduce and define Aggregate Science (AS) as a new paradigm.
  • To outline future directions in aggregate-level research and engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical scientific perspectives on molecular vs. aggregate properties.
  • Analysis of mechanisms underlying Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE).
  • Exploration of Aggregation-Generated Functions (AGF) like photothermal and photoacoustic effects.

Main Results:

  • AIE arises from the restriction of molecular motion (RMM) in aggregated states.
  • Aggregation-generated functions (AGF) harness molecular motion for photothermal, photoacoustic, and photocatalytic activities.
  • A paradigm shift from molecular science to aggregate science (AS) is proposed, emphasizing emergent properties.

Conclusions:

  • Aggregate Science (AS) studies how noncovalent interactions and hierarchical organization create macroscopic functions.
  • AS enables the development of complex functionalities and deepens our understanding of life.
  • Future directions include transitions to multiary systems, dynamic processes, and prescriptive aggregate engineering.