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A narrative review of SARS-CoV-2 variants and long COVID

Xinhua Chai1, Haoxiang Qi1, Xinze Liu2

  • 1Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.

Journal of Thoracic Disease
|March 12, 2026
PubMed

Insights

The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants impacts long COVID severity, with vaccination and physical therapy showing promise. Further research is needed to understand these connections and improve patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to a rise in long COVID cases.
  • Long COVID is a multisystem disorder with diverse symptoms including fatigue, dyspnea, and anosmia.
  • SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into multiple genetic variants with differing pathogenicity and immune evasion capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between SARS-CoV-2 variants and long COVID.
  • To synthesize current evidence on this relationship.
  • To identify research gaps and recommend rehabilitation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of publications from January 2020 to August 2025.
  • Searches conducted using PubMed.
  • Summarization of relevant literature on long COVID and SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 variants influence the severity of long COVID.
  • COVID-19 vaccination reduces the risk of developing long COVID.
  • Anti-inflammatory treatments and physical therapy are effective for long COVID management.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the link between SARS-CoV-2 variants and long COVID is crucial for public health.
  • Individualized therapy programs and broadened therapeutic options are essential for long COVID patients.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the relationship between variants and long COVID to develop effective management strategies.
Abstract

Keywords:
Long coronavirus disease (long COVID)severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)treatmentvariant

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