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Author Spotlight: Development and Characterization of an In Vitro Model to Study Chronic Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Its Impact on Airway Epithelial Cells in COPD Research
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Innovative methodologies for elucidating bushfire smoke-induced pathophysiological mechanism.

Keshav R Paudel1, Karl J Hegarty2, Jesus Shrestha3

  • 1NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia; Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute & University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050 & 2007, Australia.

The Science of the Total Environment
|March 12, 2026
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Summary

Bushfire smoke poses significant public health risks, impacting respiratory and cardiovascular systems. This study reviews advanced experimental models to better understand bushfire smoke

Keywords:
Air-liquid interface cultureBushfireIn vitroIn vivoLung-on-a-chipOrganoids

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Air pollution from bushfires is orders of magnitude higher than background levels.
  • Bushfire smoke exposure is linked to respiratory diseases (COPD, asthma, lung cancer), cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction, stroke), and increased infection susceptibility (COVID-19).
  • The precise mechanisms of bushfire smoke-induced pathogenesis are not fully understood, and there is a lack of consensus on optimal experimental techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss advanced in vitro and in vivo experimental models for studying bushfire smoke exposure.
  • To improve the comparability and translation of research findings across different studies.
  • To lay the groundwork for future research into bushfire smoke pathogenesis and the development of preventative measures and therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of advanced in vitro and in vivo experimental models.
  • Discussion on developing adaptable, replicable, physiologically relevant, and affordable models.
  • Emphasis on models capable of integrating multiple pollutant types for standardization.

Main Results:

  • Current research faces challenges due to a lack of standardized methods, leading to variability and difficulty in comparisons.
  • Advanced experimental models can reduce variability and facilitate comparisons.
  • Standardized models integrating multiple pollutants can aid in developing reference materials.

Conclusions:

  • Developing standardized, adaptable, and physiologically relevant in vitro and in vivo models is crucial for understanding bushfire smoke's health impacts.
  • These models will enable better comparison and translation of research findings.
  • This research aims to facilitate the development of effective preventative measures and therapies against bushfire smoke-induced diseases.