Recent Alzheimer's Research Targets Amyloid-β with Novel Phytochemicals and Pharmacological Strategies for Therapy

Advances in molecular-level research proposed the Amyloid-β (Aβ) pathway as a pathophysiological centre of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) progression. The biochemical alterations within the Aβ cycle represent a core biological hallmark of AD and offer promising targets for the development of disease-modifying therapies. However, the precise molecular mechanisms of the Aβ pathway, as well as the spatial and temporal dynamics that drive synaptic dysfunction, neurodegeneration, and the clinical onset of AD, remain active and intensive current research areas. In this work, we provide a comprehensive review and update of the extensive body of research in the field. We analyze data that highlights the differential relationships between various species of Amyloid-β (Aβ) and several biological mechanisms relevant to Alzheimer's Disease (AD), including tau-mediated processes, neuroimmune responses, inflammatory changes, and neurochemical imbalances. This review explores the role of amyloid β, clinical symptoms and mortality, FDA-approved drugs, immunotherapy, and different phytoconstituents used for Aβ-targeting therapy. Phytochemicals show potential in Alzheimer's disease treatment through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-amyloid properties, but challenges with bioavailability and blood-brain barrier permeability remain significant obstacles to their clinical effectiveness.