Cortical-limbic circuit dynamics of approach-avoidance conflict in humans

Choosing to approach or avoid is common in everyday life and excessive avoidance is a cardinal feature of anxiety disorders. We use intracranial EEG to define a prefrontal-limbic circuit supporting approach and avoidance. Presurgical epilepsy patients (n = 20) performed an approach-avoidance conflict decision-making task inspired by the arcade game Pac-Man, where patients trade off rewards against losses from ghost attack. During approach, theta power increases across a limbic circuit including the hippocampus, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, which drops during avoidance. Theta connectivity between this circuit and lateral prefrontal cortex increases during approach and falls during avoidance. Network connectivity tracks how long patients approach, with enhanced synchronicity extending approach times. During imminent threat, the system switches to sustained increase in high-frequency activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex. The results provide evidence of a distributed prefrontal-limbic circuit, mediated by theta oscillations and high frequency activity, underlying approach-avoidance conflict in humans.