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X-ray Imaging

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...

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Harmonic suppression gratings for soft X-ray monochromators.

Kenneth A Goldberg, Harold S Barnard, Sooyeon Park

|March 13, 2026

Summary

This study introduces a novel method for harmonic suppression in soft X-ray monochromators using engineered diffraction patterns on gratings. This technique significantly reduces unwanted harmonic photon energies, improving experimental accuracy in X-ray beamlines.

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Area of Science:

Physics
Optics
Materials Science

Background:

Synchrotron and free-electron laser sources produce X-ray beams with harmonic photon energies.
Harmonic energies in soft X-ray beamlines (100 eV to 2 keV) can introduce unwanted light into experiments.
Current harmonic suppression methods are often inefficient, reducing transmitted power.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an efficient method for harmonic suppression in soft X-ray monochromators.
To engineer reflection gratings that approximate a sinusoidal amplitude to suppress higher diffraction orders.

Main Methods:

Designing gratings with pseudo-grayscale binary halftone patterns to approximate a sinusoidal amplitude.
Fabricating prototype gratings using lithography.
Testing gratings on a soft X-ray beamline at 110 eV and 330 eV.

Main Results:

Demonstrated effective harmonic suppression using engineered gratings.
Reduced third-harmonic intensity by a factor of 9.0 compared to square-wave gratings.
Achieved a 38% reduction in first-order efficiency.

Conclusions:

Engineered gratings with sinusoidal amplitude patterns offer an efficient solution for harmonic suppression.
This approach improves the quality of soft X-ray beams by reducing unwanted harmonics.
The method shows promise for enhancing experiments utilizing synchrotron and free-electron laser sources.