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Related Concept Videos

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output01:28

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The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the substrates to provide an optimal concentration of NADH and ATP to the cell.
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is regulated in several ways, including feedback inhibition, regulation of enzyme activities, and associated anaplerotic or cataplerotic pathways.
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In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...
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The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
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The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
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Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
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Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Related Experiment Video

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Citric Acid Cycle Genes and Nutrigenetics.

Anna Vesnina1, Oksana Kozlova2, Svetlana Ivanova3,4

  • 1DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, Kemerovo State University, Krasnaya Street, 6, Kemerovo 650043, Russia.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|March 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Disruptions in the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) are linked to chronic diseases. Nutrients and dietary changes show potential for preventing and treating these conditions by influencing TCA cycle genetics and epigenetics.

Keywords:
Krebs cycleTCA cyclecitric acid cycledietepigeneticsmetabolismmitochondrianutrition

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) disruptions are implicated in chronic diseases like diabetes, obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular conditions.
  • TCA cycle disorders are linked to oncological, neurodegenerative, and osteoporotic diseases, with single-nucleotide polymorphisms as potential markers.
  • Lifestyle and diet are significant risk factors for mitochondrial dysfunction, highlighting the importance of preventive research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review 45 years of research on the TCA cycle, its genetics, epigenetics, and the role of nutrients.
  • To present collected genes encoding TCA cycle enzymes and their associations with diseases.
  • To explore the impact of nutrition on TCA cycle activity through epigenetic modifications.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of publications in PubMed, Elsevier, and eLIBRARY.RU (English and Russian).
  • Collection and presentation of genes encoding TCA cycle enzymes.
  • Analysis of existing evidence on gene expression changes, mutations, and epigenetic modifications affecting the TCA cycle.

Main Results:

  • Specific gene expression changes (e.g., in ACO2) and mutations (e.g., in IDH1, IDH2, DLST) are linked to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.
  • Nutrition influences TCA cycle activity via epigenetic modifications.
  • Several nutrients (niacin, α-lipoic acid, resveratrol, etc.) affect TCA cycle regulation at the genetic level.

Conclusions:

  • The TCA cycle is a critical target for understanding and managing chronic diseases.
  • Nutrients and bioactive compounds hold potential for therapeutic interventions by modulating TCA cycle genetics and epigenetics.
  • Further research into plant metabolites, vitamins, and supplements can enhance preventative and therapeutic dietary strategies.