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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Introduction
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
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Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
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The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
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Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Using Cyano-Substituted Triaryl Corrole Antimony(III) Complexes.

Yuan-Yuan Wang1, Ting-Long Wu1, De-Yu Guo1

  • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new antimony(III) corrole complexes for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysis. Adding cyano groups enhanced catalytic activity, offering a pathway for designing improved HER electrocatalysts.

Keywords:
antimonycorrolecyano grouphydrogen evolution reactionmolecular electrocatalyst

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Developing efficient molecular electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for catalysis.
  • Controllable and predictable properties of catalysts remain a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and investigate the effect of electron-withdrawing cyano substituents on Sb(III) corrole complexes for HER catalysis.
  • To explore structure-activity relationships for designing enhanced Sb(III) corrole-based HER catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of four Sb(III) corrole complexes using UV-vis, NMR, HRMS, and XPS.
  • Electrocatalytic HER performance evaluation in organic and mixed aqueous-organic media.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to rationalize experimental observations.

Main Results:

  • Sb(III) corrole complexes with increasing numbers of cyano groups showed enhanced HER activity.
  • Complex 4, with three cyano groups, exhibited the highest activity (TOF of 42.19 s⁻¹ at 895 mV overpotential) and 85.5% Faradaic efficiency.
  • DFT calculations indicated ligand-centered reduction and supported an ECEC pathway for HER.

Conclusions:

  • Cyano functionalization effectively modulates the electronic properties of Sb(III) corroles, enhancing their HER performance.
  • The study provides insights into designing efficient Sb(III) corrole-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen production.