Mechanical and Microstructural Response of FDM-Printed PETG and PETG+CF to Variable Infill Architecture and Lubricant...

Fused deposition modelling/fused filament fabrication (FDM/FFF) enables rapid manufacturing of functional polymer components; however, the reliability of printed parts remains strongly governed by internal architecture, process-induced porosity, and exposure to service fluids. This study quantifies the combined influence of (i) infill pattern (linear, triangular, hexagonal) at 30% density, (ii) infill density (30%, 60%, 100%) for linear infill, and (iii) short-term lubricant exposure on the tensile and microstructural response of FDM-printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG) and short-carbon-fibre-reinforced PETG (PETG+CF). Specimens were printed following ISO 527-2 and tensile-tested at 5 mm/min. Microstructural analysis coupled quantitative porosity with mechanical response, Young's Modulus, and strain-to-break. At 30% density, PETG with hexagonal infill achieved the highest tensile strength (18.54 ± 0.67 MPa), exceeding linear (16.99 ± 0.52 MPa) and triangular (14.15 ± 0.70 MPa) patterns, while triangular and linear patterns exhibited higher Young's Modulus, indicating topology-driven decoupling of stiffness and strength. Increasing linear infill density raised strength to 31.35 ± 0.33 MPa (PETG) and 38.90 ± 0.28 MPa (PETG+CF) at 100%, consistent with reduced porosity. Seven-day immersion in SAE 15W-40 mineral engine oil reduced PETG strength by ~17% while increasing deformation to failure, whereas PETG+CF showed only minor changes. Overall, the results demonstrate that architecture-aware design, supported by quantitative porosity descriptors, is essential for ensuring the reliable mechanical performance of FDM/FFF-printed PETG-based components exposed to service fluids.