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Developmental Diversity in the Effects of Control on Memory.

Zhuolei Ding1,2, Yuling Yan3,4, Shudong Zhang2

  • 1School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.

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Control over learning significantly impacts memory development in children. High consequential control boosts immediate and delayed recall, while perceived control aids delayed recall, revealing diverse developmental effects.

Keywords:
consequential controldevelopmental diversitylearning and memoryperceived control

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Development
  • Educational Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Control over learning is recognized for its memory-enhancing properties.
  • Developmental effects of learning control on memory are inconsistently reported, potentially due to variations in control type and level.
  • Understanding these nuances is crucial for optimizing learning strategies across age groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how different forms of control—high consequential, partial consequential, and perceived control—influence memory in children and adolescents aged 6-14.
  • To clarify the developmental trajectories of memory enhancement under varying degrees and types of control.
  • To explore the distinct mechanisms underlying the effects of different control types on memory across development.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted with 393 children and adolescents (aged 6-14).
  • Experiment 1 involved high consequential control (regulating study order, frequency, duration).
  • Experiment 2 used partial consequential control (regulating order, frequency), and Experiment 3 involved perceived control (determining order without prior content knowledge).

Main Results:

  • High consequential control significantly enhanced both immediate and delayed memory, with benefits appearing around ages 7-8.
  • Partial consequential control did not yield significant memory benefits but showed a trend of age-related improvement.
  • Perceived control did not benefit immediate memory but enhanced delayed memory, with effects emerging around ages 7-8.
  • The degree and type of control significantly influenced the developmental trajectory and timing (immediate vs. delayed) of memory enhancements.

Conclusions:

  • The study highlights the developmental diversity in how control influences memory, with distinct effects based on the type and degree of control.
  • High consequential control demonstrates robust benefits for memory across development, emerging earlier than perceived control.
  • Findings suggest that different control mechanisms operate across development, impacting immediate and delayed memory differently.