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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

A Data-Driven Approach to Quantifying Immune States in Sepsis
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A Data-Driven Approach to Quantifying Immune States in Sepsis

Published on: February 7, 2025

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Immune Checkpoints in Sepsis and the Path Toward Precision Immunotherapy.

Bilal Abbas1, Arshad Abbas2, Iqbal Nawaz Khan3

  • 1Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.

Immunological Investigations
|March 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Immune checkpoint molecules mediate sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Targeting these pathways with precision medicine offers a promising strategy for improving patient outcomes in sepsis.

Keywords:
Biomarkersimmune checkpointsimmunosuppressionprecision immunotherapysepsis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Translational Research

Background:

  • Sepsis is a major global cause of death, driven by immune dysfunction.
  • Immunosuppression in sepsis leads to mortality and secondary infections.
  • Immune checkpoint molecules are key regulators of sepsis-induced immune dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature on immune checkpoint pathways in sepsis.
  • To analyze checkpoint roles, expression, and convergence with reprogramming.
  • To evaluate myeloid checkpoints in innate immune dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of inhibitory checkpoint pathways (PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3, TIGIT, BTLA).
  • Analysis of cell-type-specific expression and context-dependent roles.
  • Evaluation of myeloid checkpoints (CD47-SIRPα, MerTK).

Main Results:

  • Checkpoint molecules have context-dependent protective and pathological roles.
  • Monocyte HLA-DR and ferritin identified as biomarkers for patient phenotyping.
  • The ImmunoSep trial demonstrated improved outcomes with phenotype-guided immunotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Precision medicine frameworks are essential for checkpoint-based immunotherapies.
  • Biomarker-guided stratification is crucial for combination immunotherapies.