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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
14.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Coronoid-Temporalis Pedicled Flap for Orbital Floor Defect Reconstruction
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Vascularized Flaps for Anterior Skull Base Defects.

Lacy Brame1, Aniruddha Parikh2, Kibwei McKinney3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
|March 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Vascularized flaps are the gold standard for skull base reconstruction, particularly for cerebrospinal fluid leaks. The nasoseptal flap is most common, but alternatives exist if it is unavailable.

Keywords:
Free tissue transferNasoseptal flapPericranial flapSkull base reconstructionTemporoparietal fascia flapVascularized flaps

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Plastic Surgery

Background:

  • Skull base defects require specialized reconstruction techniques.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks necessitate robust closure methods.
  • Vascularized flaps are considered the gold standard for complex reconstructions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review techniques for skull base defect reconstruction.
  • To highlight the role of vascularized flaps, especially for CSF leaks.
  • To discuss alternative flap options when the primary choice is unavailable.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of skull base reconstruction techniques.
  • Focus on vascularized flaps, including the nasoseptal flap.
  • Comparison of alternative flap options.

Main Results:

  • Vascularized flaps are the preferred method for skull base reconstruction.
  • The nasoseptal flap is frequently used due to its efficacy and ease of harvest.
  • Several alternative flaps (inferior turbinate, middle turbinate, lateral wall, pericranial, temporoparietal fascia) can be employed.

Conclusions:

  • Vascularized flaps are essential for successful skull base reconstruction.
  • The nasoseptal flap is a versatile and reliable option.
  • Availability of multiple flap options ensures successful reconstruction even when the nasoseptal flap cannot be used.