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Tailoring Conjugated Imidazolium Additives Enables High-Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells via In Situ
Yaoyao Huang1, Zhaojin Wang2,3, Wei Yi1
1College of Chemistry and Materials/Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, P. R. China.
Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|March 16, 2026
Summary
Engineered low-dimensional@three-dimensional (LD@3D) perovskites using imidazole derivatives significantly enhance perovskite solar cell (PSC) stability and efficiency. This molecular design approach yields high-performance, long-lasting solar cells and minimodules.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Renewable Energy
- Nanotechnology
Background:
- Three-dimensional (3D) perovskites offer excellent optoelectronic properties but suffer from poor long-term stability, hindering commercialization.
- Low-dimensional (LD)@3D perovskite architectures combine the efficiency of 3D frameworks with the enhanced stability of LD phases.
- Defect passivation and energy level optimization are crucial for improving perovskite solar cell (PSC) performance.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop highly stable and efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by engineering LD@3D perovskite structures.
- To investigate the role of aromatic heterocyclic imidazole derivatives as additives in promoting LD@3D perovskite formation.
- To demonstrate the scalability of the developed PSCs to minimodule devices.
Main Methods:
- Synthesized and incorporated aromatic heterocyclic imidazole derivatives (BnI, PdI, PzI) as additives into perovskite precursors.
- Fabricated PSCs utilizing the modified perovskite precursors to form LD@3D perovskite structures.
- Characterized the optoelectronic properties, defect passivation, energy level alignment, and hole extraction of the fabricated devices.
- Tested the long-term stability of unencapsulated devices under ambient air conditions.
- Scaled the technology to fabricate PSC minimodules.
Main Results:
- The incorporation of imidazole derivatives effectively promoted the formation of LD@3D perovskites, passivating grain boundary and interface defects.
- Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) incorporating 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazine hydroiodide (PzI) achieved a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.63%.
- Unencapsulated PzI-based PSCs retained 90% of their initial PCE after 1600 hours of operation in ambient air, demonstrating superior long-term stability.
- Scaled PSC minimodules achieved a competitive efficiency of 21.51% over an active area of 20.25 cm².
Conclusions:
- Rational additive engineering using tailored imidazole derivatives is a pivotal strategy for developing highly efficient and stable LD@3D perovskite solar cells.
- The developed molecular design approach significantly enhances PSC performance and longevity, addressing key commercialization barriers.
- The successful fabrication of high-efficiency, stable PSC minimodules indicates strong potential for practical applications in renewable energy.
