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Epistemic Rationality Begins Unreflectively.

Giacomo Melis1, Kirsten H Blakey1,2,3

  • 1Division of Law and Philosophy, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland UK.

Erkenntnis
|March 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Rational belief can form without fully assessing evidence, challenging reflective theories. This research suggests epistemic rationality

Area of Science:

  • Analytic Epistemology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Epistemic justification theories debate rational belief formation.
  • Internalist and externalist views explore unreflective evidence responses.
  • Rationality in non-human animals and children is linked to unreflective responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the tension between reflective and unreflective accounts of rational belief.
  • Explore the roots of epistemic rationality in unreflective processes.
  • Challenge the view that adult human cognition fundamentally differs from that of children and animals.

Main Methods:

  • Engaging with recent developmental psychology research.
  • Integrating insights from the study of epistemic defeaters.

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  • Analyzing theories of epistemic justification (internalism and externalism).

    • Main Results:

    • Unreflective responsiveness to evidence is a key aspect of rational belief.
    • The foundations of epistemic rationality are found in unreflective actions.
    • Evidence suggests continuity, not a kind-difference, between adult and non-adult minds.

    Conclusions:

    • Epistemic rationality originates in unreflective processes.
    • Reflective accounts may overstate the necessity of conscious evidence assessment.
    • The cognitive gap between humans and other animals/children in rationality may be narrower than presumed.