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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Monitoring the Cancer-Immunity Cycle and Exploring Tumor Microenvironment Dynamics
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Advancing immunotherapy via multiple immune cells co-engagement.

Han Li1, Yuxuan Zhang2, Qiuyang Wei2

  • 1Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|March 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Immunotherapy shows promise against cancer but faces challenges from the tumor microenvironment (TME). New strategies co-engaging multiple immune cells offer a path toward more effective antitumor therapies.

Keywords:
antitumor immunotherapyimmune cell engagermultiple immune cell co-engagementmultispecific antibodytumor-immune microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Immunotherapy has achieved significant clinical success in treating various cancers due to its specificity and lasting effects.
  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) presents complex challenges that limit immunotherapy efficacy.
  • Current strategies often focus on engaging single immune cell types, such as T cells and NK cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current single immune cell engagers.
  • To explore next-generation immunotherapies that co-engage multiple immune cell types.
  • To discuss targets, mechanisms, and design principles for these advanced therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing immune cell engagers.
  • Analysis of emerging strategies for multiple immune cell co-engagement.
  • Discussion of therapeutic design considerations for novel immunotherapies.

Main Results:

  • Overview of single immune cell-targeting immunotherapies.
  • Identification of key targets and mechanisms for multiple immune cell co-engagement.
  • Exploration of design principles for synergistic immune cell activation.

Conclusions:

  • Co-engagement of multiple immune cells in the TME is a promising frontier for cancer immunotherapy.
  • Addressing TME complexities requires innovative strategies beyond single-cell targeting.
  • Further research into multiple immune cell co-engagers holds potential for overcoming current therapeutic limitations.