Protein Biomarkers as Molecular Tools for Forensic Biofluid Identification

Area of Science:

• Forensic Science
• Biochemistry
• Analytical Chemistry

Background:

• Proteomics offers crucial insights into biological samples, revealing cellular functions and post-mortem changes.
• Proteins serve as vital biomarkers, particularly when DNA analysis is limited in forensic investigations.
• Advanced mass spectrometry and bioinformatics enhance the utility of proteomics in forensic science.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the application of proteomic technologies, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics in forensic research.
• To highlight the precision of machine learning in post-mortem interval estimation and body fluid classification.
• To discuss the potential of peptide biomarkers in species identification and tissue characterization.

Main Methods:

• Utilized advanced mass spectrometry for protein analysis.
• Employed bioinformatics and sophisticated software for data interpretation.
• Applied machine learning algorithms for enhanced forensic analysis.

Main Results:

• Proteomic analysis improved the accuracy of post-mortem interval estimation and body fluid classification.
• Peptide biomarkers successfully identified various species and differentiated biological tissues.
• Machine learning integration led to more precise forensic determinations.

Conclusions:

• Forensic proteomics is increasingly relevant for post-mortem interval estimation, body fluid differentiation, and disease profiling.
• Challenges such as sample stability, cost, and legal standards hinder widespread adoption.
• Advancements in analytical sensitivity and data interpretation, alongside collaborative efforts, position proteomics as a key forensic tool requiring further validation and standardization.