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Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Localizing Function-specific Targets for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Absence of Navigation Equipment
Published on: May 23, 2025
Benjamin Bardel1, Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur2, Thibaut Mussigmann3
1UR 4391, ENT Team, Faculty of Health, Paris Est Créteil University; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, DMU FIxIT, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Aarhus University Hospital; benjamin.bardel@aphp.fr.
Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) precisely maps motor cortex and corticospinal tract using brain imaging. This method aids in presurgical planning to preserve motor function and study neuroplasticity.
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