Protocol for constructing an orthotopic mouse model of metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Renal cancer is characterized by an insidious onset and a high tendency for lung metastasis in advanced stages. Here, we present a protocol for constructing an orthotopic mouse model that recapitulates the spontaneous metastasis process of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We describe steps for dynamically monitoring tumor growth and metastasis by in vivo bioluminescence imaging. We then detail the procedures for performing histopathological analyses. This protocol provides a reliable preclinical platform for investigating RCC metastasis mechanisms and evaluating anti-metastatic therapies. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Shi et al.¹.