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An artifact-robust framework for measuring tES effects during stimulation.

Nima Noury^1,2,3,4, Fabio Damiani^1,2,3, Markus Siegel^1,2,3,4,5

¹Department of Neural Dynamics and Magnetoencephalography, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

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|March 16, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel method to analyze brain activity during transcranial electric stimulation (tES) by comparing combined signals. Researchers found a state-dependent interaction between tACS and brain activity, advancing the study of tES online effects.

Keywords:

MEG artifacts brain-state dependency interaction tACS visual flicker

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Brain-Computer Interfaces
Non-invasive Brain Stimulation

Background:

Transcranial electric stimulation (tES) non-invasively modulates brain activity.
EEG and MEG recordings are hindered by stimulation artifacts, complicating online effect studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a new approach for analyzing online effects of tES by accounting for stimulation artifacts.
To investigate interactions between tES and intrinsic brain activity.

Main Methods:

Introduced a novel method focusing on interactions between tES and intrinsic brain activity, not artifact removal.
Compared composite signals sharing artifacts but differing in tES-intrinsic activity interaction.
Utilized a proof-of-principle MEG study with 10 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) during rest and visual flicker stimulation.

Main Results:

Found a phase-dependent interaction between tACS and flicker-evoked brain activity.
Demonstrated that neural activity during simultaneous stimulation deviates from linear superposition when interactions occur.

Conclusions:

Established a novel approach to investigate online effects of tES.
Suggests a state-dependent interaction between tACS and human brain activity.