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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

The Modular Design and Production of an Intelligent Robot Based on a Closed-Loop Control Strategy

The Modular Design and Production of an Intelligent Robot Based on a Closed-Loop Control Strategy

Published on: October 14, 2017

Modular 4WD agricultural robot for cutting, collection, and precision seeding: design and simulation-based

Abhishek Kumar¹, Shenoy Adithya Kamalaksha¹, R Srividya¹

¹Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.

Scientific Reports

|March 18, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a modular four-wheel differential-drive (4WD) autonomous platform for efficient campus and agricultural automation. The robot integrates grass cutting, collection, leaf crushing, and precision seeding with robust performance and sustainability.

Keywords:

Autonomous Agricultural Robot Battery‐Discharge Estimation Boustrophedon Coverage‐Path Planning Debris Crushing Differential-Drive Finite‐Element Analysis (FEA)Grass Cutting Modular Attachments Monte Carlo Robustness Simulations Precision Seeding Slope‐Climb Analysis Stone‐Ingestion Modelling

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Published on: August 29, 2025

Area of Science:

Agricultural Robotics
Sustainable Automation
Mechanical Engineering

Background:

Current agricultural automation lacks integrated multi-functional platforms.
Need for efficient, sustainable solutions in campus and small-scale farming.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a novel modular four-wheel differential-drive (4WD) autonomous platform.
To integrate grass cutting, collection, leaf crushing, and precision seeding functionalities.
To evaluate the platform's performance, robustness, and sustainability.

Main Methods:

Modular toolhead design with quick-release mechanism.
Vertically stacked two-unit architecture for optimized subsystem placement.
Energy budget modeling for operational runtime prediction.
Simulation of coverage-path algorithms (boustrophedon pattern).
Robustness simulations for debris deflection, slope climbing, and stone ingestion.
Finite-element analysis for structural integrity assessment.

Main Results:

Predicted runtimes: cutting (1.2 h), crushing (2.0 h), seeding (8.0 h).
Boustrophedon path algorithm ensures complete rectangular coverage with minimal redundancy.
High debris deflection (>95%), operational slope limit (~25°), and low stone ingestion probability (~10%).
Chassis demonstrates high safety factors (>15) with negligible stress/deformation.
Outlined composting pathways for collected biomass to enhance sustainability.

Conclusions:

The proposed modular 4WD platform successfully integrates multiple agricultural tasks.
The design emphasizes serviceability, structural robustness, and environmental benefits.
The platform shows promise for campus and small-scale agricultural automation.