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Different sources of the numerical comparison size effect.

Attila Krajcsi1, Petia Kojouharova2

  • 1Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, 1064, Budapest, Hungary. krajcsi.attila@ppk.elte.hu.

Memory & Cognition
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PubMed
Summary

Nonsymbolic number comparison relies on stimulus values, not statistics, unlike symbolic tasks. Stimulus frequency influences nonsymbolic size effects, suggesting distinct cognitive processes for symbolic and nonsymbolic number evaluation.

Keywords:
Approximate number systemDiscrete semantic systemNumerical distance effectNumerical size effect

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Numerical Cognition
  • Decision Making

Background:

  • Symbolic number comparison is influenced by numerical distance and size effects, which are modulated by stimulus statistical properties.
  • The role of statistical features in nonsymbolic number comparison remains less understood.
  • Psychophysical models predict task difficulty influences these effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether nonsymbolic number comparison is sensitive to stimulus statistical features.
  • To differentiate the mechanisms underlying symbolic versus nonsymbolic number comparison.
  • To explore the generators of the numerical size effect.

Main Methods:

  • Nonsymbolic number comparison tasks were designed to manipulate stimulus statistics.
  • Behavioral data were analyzed to assess the influence of numerical values and stimulus properties.
  • Diffusion model parameter recovery was employed to analyze the numerical size effect.

Main Results:

  • In nonsymbolic comparison, the distance effect was driven by stimulus values, not statistics.
  • The size effect in nonsymbolic tasks was modulated by stimulus frequency, not solely task difficulty.
  • Nonsymbolic size effect changes decreased over time, unlike stable symbolic effects.
  • Diffusion models indicated multiple generators for the numerical size effect.

Conclusions:

  • Nonsymbolic number comparison is primarily a psychophysical process, with stimulus frequency playing an additional role.
  • Symbolic and nonsymbolic numerical stimuli are processed through qualitatively different mechanisms.
  • The numerical size effect is complex and may arise from at least three distinct sources.