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Multi-stage detector for bipolar PAM with direct detection.

Junyuan Nie, Shaohua Hu, Zhengyu Ma

|March 18, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a novel multi-stage detector for bipolar pulse amplitude modulation (BPAM) that significantly reduces computational complexity. This new method overcomes limitations of maximum likelihood detection for efficient optical communication.

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Area of Science:

Optical communications
Signal processing

Background:

Bipolar pulse amplitude modulation (BPAM) offers improved power efficiency.
Maximum likelihood (ML) detection for BPAM faces exponential complexity challenges with increasing modulation order and channel memory.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a novel multi-stage detector for BPAM.
To address the high computational complexity of ML detection in BPAM systems.
To eliminate multi-level impairments while maintaining tolerable complexity.

Main Methods:

Developed a multi-stage detector utilizing the Viterbi algorithm for sign estimation with general shaping pulses.
Decoupled and compensated for transmitter impairments, square-law detection polarity loss, and receiver effects sequentially.
Implemented and tested the detector in a 1-km C-band transmission experiment with 50-Gbaud BPAM-8 signals.

Main Results:

The proposed detector achieved a bit-error ratio (BER) below 2.2 × 10^-2 (20% soft-decision forward error correction threshold).
Performance was maintained across various roll-off factors.
Conventional ML detection was computationally infeasible for signal recovery in comparison.

Conclusions:

The multi-stage detector effectively mitigates impairments in BPAM systems.
This approach offers a practical solution for high-complexity detection challenges in optical communications.
Demonstrated significant improvements over conventional ML detection methods.