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Contribution of Fundamental Frequency to Perceived Vocal Roughness: Evidence From Time-Scaled Natural Voice Samples.

Kenji Aruga1, Kiyohito Hosokawa1, Itsuki Kitayama2

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Osaka Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-city, Osaka, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, International Medical & Science Center, Osaka-city, Osaka, Japan.

Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation
|March 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Lowering fundamental frequency (fo) in dysphonic voices significantly increases perceived vocal roughness, while breathiness is less affected. This suggests fo is a key factor in auditory perception of vocal roughness.

Keywords:
Auditory-perceptual ratingBreathinessDysphoniaFundamental frequencyVocal roughness

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Area of Science:

  • Speech Science
  • Auditory Perception
  • Acoustic Phonetics

Background:

  • Fundamental frequency (fo) is a key acoustic parameter influencing voice perception.
  • The specific impact of fo manipulation on perceived vocal roughness and breathiness in dysphonic voices remains under-investigated.
  • Auditory models suggest harmonic spacing and cochlear bandwidth interactions are crucial for roughness perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how systematic changes in fundamental frequency (fo) affect perceived vocal roughness and breathiness in dysphonic voices.
  • To determine if fo is an independent predictor of roughness and breathiness when waveform shape is held constant.
  • To identify potential fo thresholds related to increased vocal roughness.

Main Methods:

  • Sustained vowels from dysphonic and non-dysphonic speakers were resynthesized to target fo values (50, 100, 200 Hz; and 30-100 Hz).
  • Waveform shape was preserved during fo manipulation.
  • Experienced raters evaluated vocal tokens for roughness and breathiness, analyzed using linear mixed-effects models and ROC analysis.

Main Results:

  • A systematic decrease in fo led to significantly increased ratings of vocal roughness.
  • Perceived breathiness showed smaller and less consistent changes with fo manipulation.
  • Linear mixed-effects models confirmed fo as an independent predictor of roughness, not breathiness; an fo threshold of 70 Hz was identified for higher roughness.

Conclusions:

  • Fundamental frequency (fo) has a distinct auditory contribution to perceived vocal roughness, separate from breathiness.
  • Findings support the development of acoustic roughness measures incorporating fo-dependent harmonic spacing and modulation.
  • fo must be considered when interpreting auditory-perceptual ratings of vocal roughness.