Host manipulation by Drosophila parasitoid wasps: molecular tools and strategic insights

Parasitoid wasps are a remarkably diverse group of insects that employ intricate parasitic strategies. Their reproductive success largely depends on their ability to precisely manipulate their hosts. The Drosophila-parasitoid wasp system is a powerful model for deciphering the mechanisms underlying such host manipulation. Here, we summarize the known species of Drosophila parasitoid wasps and their molecular tools, focusing on genome resources and key parasitic effectors such as venom. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms revealed through these tools that underpin the manipulation of host immunity, nutrition, development, and behavior. Finally, we emphasize that expanding research to a broader range of parasitoid wasp lineages is essential for deepening our mechanistic understanding and advancing their potential in biocontrol applications.