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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Use of Alu Element Containing Minigenes to Analyze Circular RNAs
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Advances in translatable circular RNAs.

Guang-Fu Zou1, Min Zhou1,2, Chuan Huang1

  • 1School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.

Yi Chuan = Hereditas
|March 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) can regulate cell functions and disease processes through encoded proteins. This review explores circRNA translation mechanisms, disease links, and therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
RNA binding proteincircRNAinternal ribosomal entry sitesmtranslation regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable, single-stranded RNA molecules with diverse biological roles in eukaryotes.
  • Beyond direct regulation, circRNAs influence physiological and pathological processes via their encoded functional proteins.
  • The translation of circRNAs and their encoded proteins is a rapidly advancing area in biomedical research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms and research strategies of circRNA translation.
  • To examine the association between circRNA-encoded proteins and major human diseases.
  • To discuss the application of circRNAs as expression vectors for therapeutic proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on circRNA translation.
  • Analysis of studies investigating circRNA-encoded proteins in disease contexts.
  • Evaluation of emerging applications of circRNAs in protein expression and therapy.

Main Results:

  • CircRNAs can be translated into functional proteins, expanding their biological roles.
  • Dysregulation of circRNA translation is implicated in various human diseases.
  • CircRNAs show potential as novel vectors for therapeutic protein delivery.

Conclusions:

  • CircRNA translation represents a significant frontier in molecular biology and medicine.
  • Understanding circRNA translation is crucial for developing new diagnostics and therapeutics.
  • Further research into circRNA translation will unlock novel biomedical applications.