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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview01:16

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Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

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Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
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Base-Promoted α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones00:51

Base-Promoted α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

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α-Halogenation of aldehydes and ketones is a reaction involving the substitution of α hydrogens with halogens in the presence of a base.  The reaction begins with the abstraction of  α hydrogen by the base to produce a nucleophilic enolate ion. This intermediate undergoes a subsequent nucleophilic substitution with the halogen to produce a monohalogenated carbonyl compound. If the starting substrate has more than one α hydrogen, it is difficult to stop the reaction...
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
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Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations
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Selenium-catalyzed organic transformations.

Avinash Chaurasia1, Priya1, Sanjana Srivastav1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.

Iscience
|March 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Selenium catalysis is revolutionizing organic synthesis through unique Lewis acidity and redox properties. While promising, challenges in mechanism, enantioselectivity, and scalability need addressing for industrial use.

Keywords:
Applied sciencesChemistryOrganic chemistryOrganic synthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Organoselenium Chemistry

Background:

  • Selenium's unique properties (polarizability, redox tunability, Lewis acidity) enable novel catalytic roles.
  • Organoselenium catalysts act as non-covalent activators in various catalytic cycles.
  • These catalysts stabilize transition states and facilitate bond activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advancements in selenium-based organocatalysis.
  • To highlight the role of chalcogen bonding in these transformations.
  • To evaluate challenges and future prospects for industrial adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on selenium-catalyzed organic transformations.
  • Emphasis on mechanistic insights and catalytic applications.
  • Analysis of limitations hindering industrial scale-up.

Main Results:

  • Selenium catalysts offer unique selectivity and activation modes compared to traditional catalysts.
  • Chalcogen bonding is a key interaction in selenium-mediated catalysis.
  • Significant progress has been made, but challenges remain.

Conclusions:

  • Selenium catalysis presents a powerful new tool in organic synthesis.
  • Further research is needed to overcome mechanistic ambiguities and improve enantioselective control.
  • Addressing scalability is crucial for widespread industrial adoption.