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Bridging the Bio-Electronic Interface with Biofabrication
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An Immunocompatible Conductive Hydrogel Via Anion-π Interlocking as an Injectable Bridge for Sustained Bioelectronic

Zihao Zhu1, Yutong Li1, Yukun Wang1

  • 1MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|March 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed SSPH, an injectable conductive hydrogel, to overcome mechanical and immune issues in bioelectronic devices. This material enhances tissue integration and ensures stable, long-term device performance.

Keywords:
anion‐π interactionsbioelectronic interfacesimmunocompatibilityinjectable conductive hydrogel

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Area of Science:

  • Bioelectronic Medicine
  • Materials Science
  • Biocompatible Polymers

Background:

  • Mechanical-immunological mismatch limits long-term stability of rigid bioelectronic electrodes in soft tissues.
  • Minimally invasive delivery and stable tissue integration are crucial for advanced bioelectronic interfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present SSPH, an immunocompatible, injectable, conductive hydrogel bridge.
  • To reduce mechanical-biological mismatch and immune stress on bioelectronic electrodes.
  • To enable stable tissue integration and long-term device performance.

Main Methods:

  • SSPH is formed by co-assembly of PEDOT:PSS and poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA).
  • The hydrogel forms a 3D network stabilized by anion-π interactions, electrostatic interactions, and PEDOT nanostructures.
  • Self-healable architecture maintains conductive pathways after deformation.

Main Results:

  • SSPH demonstrated stable electrochemical properties and favorable immunocompatibility.
  • It restored signal transmission across an acute muscle injury model.
  • SSPH preserved electrode performance for up to four weeks in electromyography and spinal cord stimulation models.

Conclusions:

  • SSPH acts as a compliant interfacial bridge, reducing mechanical stress and immune response.
  • The hydrogel enables minimally invasive delivery and stable integration with biological tissues.
  • SSPH is a promising material for durable, immunocompatible, and sustained bioelectronic interfaces.