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Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

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Mediating Factors and Well-Being Differences by Gender Among Academic Physicians.

Miriam T Stewart¹, Mihriye Mete², Mariah Quinn³

¹Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia.

JAMA Network Open

|March 18, 2026

Summary

Female physicians experience more burnout than male physicians, primarily due to factors like self-valuation. Addressing these occupational well-being factors is key to improving physician well-being and reducing distress.

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Area of Science:

Medical research
Occupational health
Physician well-being

Background:

Occupational distress significantly impacts physicians, particularly female physicians.
Understanding the contributing factors to this distress is crucial for developing effective interventions.
Improving physician occupational well-being yields organizational benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and analyze factors associated with occupational distress among female physicians.
To compare occupational well-being markers between male and female physicians.
To explore the mediating role of specific factors in the gender difference in occupational distress.

Main Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was administered to attending physicians at 15 US academic medical institutions.
The Professional Fulfillment Index was used to measure burnout and professional fulfillment, including subscales for leadership support, values alignment, schedule control, EHR helpfulness, and self-valuation.
Mediation models were employed to assess the influence of occupational well-being factors on the gender disparity in distress.

Main Results:

A total of 16,731 physicians (8197 female, 8534 male) were included in the analysis.
Female physicians reported higher rates of burnout (42% vs 33%) and lower professional fulfillment (34% vs 46%) compared to male physicians (P < .001).
Self-valuation emerged as the most significant mediator, accounting for 63% of the gender difference in burnout; other factors also played a mediating role.

Conclusions:

The gender disparity in physician burnout is largely mediated by occupational well-being factors, with self-valuation being a key factor.
While these factors explain burnout differences, they do not fully account for the gender gap in professional fulfillment, indicating a need for further investigation.
Targeting factors like self-valuation and improving occupational well-being can help mitigate burnout among female physicians.