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Maternal factors like higher BMI and smoking, along with cesarean delivery, are linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Associations varied by ASD severity and intellectual disability status in this Swedish study.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Genetics and environmental factors in neurodevelopment

Background:

  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with genetic and environmental influences.
  • Prenatal and perinatal exposures are investigated for their role in ASD etiology.
  • Understanding variations in these exposures across ASD subgroups, including those with intellectual disability (ID), is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between maternal, obstetric, and neonatal factors and ASD risk.
  • To explore how these associations differ across ASD subgroups based on severity, ID status, and familial ASD.

Main Methods:

  • Population-based case-control study in southern Sweden.
  • Included 996 children with ASD and 9,960 matched controls.
  • Used multivariable logistic regression to analyze maternal, obstetric, and neonatal factors.

Main Results:

  • Higher maternal BMI, smoking in early pregnancy, and cesarean delivery were associated with increased ASD likelihood.
  • Associations were generally stronger in children without intellectual disability and with less severe ASD.
  • Subgroup-specific patterns were observed for maternal epilepsy, gestational diabetes, and prematurity.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple maternal and perinatal factors are associated with ASD.
  • Analysis stratified by ASD severity, ID status, and familial ASD revealed shared and specific patterns.
  • Considering ASD heterogeneity is vital for understanding neurodevelopmental variations.