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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

20.8K
Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.5K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

21.3K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
21.3K
Unit Cells01:18

Unit Cells

52
A crystal's internal structure is an orderly array of atoms, ions, or molecules, and the details of this array significantly influence the solid's properties. In a crystal, periodically repeating 'structural motifs' - which could be atoms, molecules, or groups thereof - create a 'space lattice.' This is essentially a three-dimensional, infinite array of points, each surrounded by its neighbors in an identical way, forming the basic structure of the crystal.A 'unit cell' is a theoretical...
52
Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

14.6K
The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
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Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication
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Atomically Traceable Nanostructure Fabrication

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Atomic-scale physical unclonable functions in solids.

Zihua Chai1, Zeyu Gao1, Mengqi Wang1,2

  • 1Laboratory of Spin Magnetic Resonance, School of Physical Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Scientific Instrument Development and Application, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.

Science Advances
|March 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed atomic-scale Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) using intrinsic randomness in solids. This novel approach offers enhanced security and unclonability for next-generation hardware and information systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computer Science
  • Quantum Physics

Background:

  • The digital era and Internet of Things (IoT) demand secure hardware.
  • Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) offer hardware-based security using unique labels.
  • Nanofabrication advances challenge conventional PUF unclonability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore fundamental sources of physical randomness for enhanced PUF security.
  • To demonstrate an atomic-scale PUF architecture.
  • To leverage intrinsic randomness in solids via lattice and defect engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an atomic-scale PUF architecture.
  • Utilized lattice and defect engineering in solids.
  • Analyzed PUF properties including spatial variability and configurational complexity.

Main Results:

  • Achieved atomic-scale PUFs with 3D spatial variability and atomic-scale configurational complexity.
  • Demonstrated extraordinary encoding space and uniqueness.
  • Estimated Shannon entropy of 17.49 for a 1 nm feature size, indicating high encoding capacity.
  • Embedded structure ensures intrinsic unclonability and robustness.

Conclusions:

  • Atomic-scale PUFs represent a fundamentally secure and scalable platform.
  • This technology is suitable for next-generation hardware and information security.
  • Intrinsic randomness in solids offers a robust solution against environmental perturbations.