Recent trends in MOF-based electrochemical biosensing strategies for cardiovascular disease diagnostics

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of death worldwide, creating an urgent need for diagnostic technologies that are rapid, accurate, and affordable. Conventional diagnostic methods, such as electrocardiograms and chest X-ray imaging, are often limited by high costs, time-intensive procedures, and reliance on centralized laboratory facilities. In contrast, electrochemical biosensors have emerged as attractive alternatives due to their high sensitivity, low sample requirements, operational simplicity, and suitability for point-of-care (POC) applications. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained significant attention as advanced functional materials for enhancing electrochemical biosensor performance. Their large surface area, tunable porosity, and versatile chemical composition enable effective immobilization of biorecognition elements and improved electron transfer kinetics. This review summarizes recent advances in MOF-based electrochemical biosensors for the detection of key CVD biomarkers. It highlights MOF-assisted strategies for electrode modification, signal amplification, and bioreceptor stabilization, with an emphasis on design principles that improve analytical sensitivity and selectivity.In addition, emerging transduction approaches, including electrochemiluminescence and multiplex electrochemical sensing, are discussed. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects for translating MOF-based electrochemical biosensors into practical cardiovascular diagnostic tools are outlined, focusing on developments reported over the past five years.