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Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

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Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
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Bacterial pathogens depend on precise and efficient DNA replication to sustain infection. Two type II topoisomerases—DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV—are critical to this process, as they resolve DNA supercoiling and unlink chromosomes during replication. Fluoroquinolones, synthetic derivatives of quinolones, exploit this mechanism by stabilizing the transient DNA–enzyme cleavage complex, preventing strand religation, and causing lethal double-strand breaks. These...
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Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis01:25

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Aminoglycosides constitute a highly potent class of bactericidal antibiotics that exert their antimicrobial effects by targeting the bacterial ribosome, specifically disrupting protein synthesis. These polycationic molecules consist of amino-modified sugars linked via glycosidic bonds to an aminocyclitol core such as 2-deoxystreptamine or streptamine. Their strong positive charges facilitate tight binding to the negatively charged phosphate backbone of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), primarily at the 16S...
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Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Inhibitors of Gram-positive Cell Wall Synthesis01:23

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Bacterial cell walls are typically rigid structures composed mainly of peptidoglycan, a mesh-like polymer that provides mechanical strength and maintains cell shape. The synthesis of peptidoglycan is a crucial process in bacterial growth and serves as a primary target for many antibiotics.Mechanism of Action of Beta-Lactam AntibioticsBeta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis in actively growing cells. These antibiotics share a characteristic four-membered...
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Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and...
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G-quadruplexes as antimicrobial targets.

Rubén Cebrián1, Juan Carlos Morales2

  • 1Departamento de Microbiología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18061 Granada, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain.

Drug Discovery Today
|March 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New antimicrobial strategies are needed due to rising antibiotic resistance. G-quadruplexes (G4s) in microbes show promise as drug targets, but more research is needed to confirm their effectiveness.

Keywords:
G-quadruplexesantimicrobial drug discoveryantimicrobial resistanceantimicrobial therapeuticsepigeneticssmall-molecule G4 ligands

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance and limited treatments for parasitic diseases necessitate novel antimicrobial approaches.
  • G-quadruplexes (G4s), unusual DNA structures, are increasingly recognized as potential targets within microbial genomes.
  • Current evidence for G4 targeting is stronger in bacteria and parasites than in fungi, where validation is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence for G-quadruplex formation and targeting in microbial pathogens.
  • To assess the potential of microbial G4s as a therapeutic target class.
  • To discuss the development of G4-interacting ligands for antimicrobial drug discovery.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of genomics and bioinformatics data to identify putative G4-forming sequences.
  • Analysis of phenotypic and chemical-biology datasets to evaluate G4 ligand activity.
  • Literature review of existing studies on microbial G4s and their targeting.

Main Results:

  • Expanding catalogues of potential G4 loci in microbial genomes support their prevalence.
  • Phenotypic data suggest G4 ligands can impact microbial growth and survival.
  • Mechanistic validation and direct intracellular G4 engagement remain unproven for many reported ligands.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial G4s represent a promising, albeit incompletely validated, target class for new antimicrobials.
  • Further research is crucial to confirm direct G4 engagement and establish causal links to antimicrobial activity.
  • Understanding ligand design and pharmacological principles is key to translating G4 targeting into effective therapeutics.