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Related Concept Videos

Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Fibril-associated collagens are a type of collagens present in the extracellular matrix with interrupted triple helices or FACIT (Fibril-associated collagens interrupted triple-helices). FACIT help connect and attach the collagen fibrils with each other as well as with other proteins of the extracellular matrix.
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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
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Facial Retaining Structures are Not True Ligaments: Clinical Application.

Gi-Woong Hong1, Benrita Jitaree2, Jong K Song3

  • 1Samskin Plastic Surgery Clinic, Seoul, Korea.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|March 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Facial retaining structures are specialized fibrous anchoring systems, not true ligaments. Understanding their unique biomechanics is crucial for precise aesthetic filler treatments and predictable facial contour restoration.

Keywords:
Facial retaining ligamentfiller injectionlateral cheekmandibular regionmidfacezygomatic region

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Quantitative Assessment Protocol for Facial Soft Tissue Volumetric Changes with Stereophotogrammetry
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Quantitative Assessment Protocol for Facial Soft Tissue Volumetric Changes with Stereophotogrammetry

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Area of Science:

  • Aesthetic anatomy
  • Facial anatomy
  • Biomechanical analysis

Background:

  • Facial retaining ligaments are described in aesthetic anatomy but differ histologically and mechanically from skeletal ligaments.
  • Their true nature and function in facial aesthetics remain unclear.
  • Clinical implications for soft-tissue fillers and biostimulators require clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the structural and functional nature of facial fibrous retaining structures.
  • To differentiate them from true ligaments.
  • To discuss their clinical relevance for aesthetic treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Performed cadaveric dissections of zygomatic, temporal, and mandibular regions.
  • Examined morphology, orientation, and histology of fibrous connective tissues.
  • Utilized microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) to visualize the 3D fibrous network.

Main Results:

  • Temporal septal fusion showed dense "ligament-like" condensation, not a true bone-to-bone ligament.
  • Micro-CT revealed facial "ligaments" as a spider web-like fibrous network, denser than retinacular cutis.
  • Facial retaining structures are specialized fibrous anchoring systems, not true ligaments.

Conclusions:

  • Facial retaining structures are accurately defined as fibrous anchoring systems, distinct from true ligaments.
  • Understanding their biomechanical variability enables precise filler placement and contour restoration.
  • This knowledge is particularly valuable for predictable aesthetic outcomes in East Asian facial morphology.