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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Human Cartilage Tissue Fabrication Using Three-dimensional Inkjet Printing Technology

Human Cartilage Tissue Fabrication Using Three-dimensional Inkjet Printing Technology

Published on: June 10, 2014

Revolutionizing vision using corneal 3D printing.

Bowen Zhang¹, F A Dain Md Opo², Daniel Nahra³

¹Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK; School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China; National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China.

Trends in Biotechnology

|March 19, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial corneas offer a solution to donor shortages in corneal transplantation. Advanced 3D printing techniques create personalized, proregenerative implants to restore vision.

Keywords:

3D bioprinting artificial cornea corneal scaffold corneal transplantation proregenerative artificial cornea

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

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Corneal Tissue Engineering: An In Vitro Model of the Stromal-nerve Interactions of the Human Cornea

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Medicine
Ophthalmology

Background:

Corneal diseases are a major cause of blindness worldwide.
Corneal transplantation is limited by a critical shortage of donor corneas.
Artificial corneas represent a promising alternative to traditional transplantation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advancements in 3D-printed, proregenerative artificial corneas.
To highlight innovative biofabrication techniques for artificial cornea development.
To identify challenges in ensuring the quality and efficacy of artificial corneal implants.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on artificial cornea development.
Focus on 3D printing (additive manufacturing) for customized implant fabrication.
Analysis of biomaterial engineering and cell integration strategies.

Main Results:

Significant progress in developing artificial corneas, with some reaching clinical trials and FDA approval.
3D printing allows for patient-specific designs, precise control over biomaterial composition, and cellular integration.
Proregenerative designs aim to enhance tissue regeneration post-implantation.

Conclusions:

3D-printed artificial corneas show great potential for treating corneal blindness.
Further research is needed to address challenges in implant quality control and long-term clinical performance.
Personalized, biofabricated corneal implants could overcome donor tissue limitations.