[Liver organoids: from promise to functional complexity]

Recent advances in stem cell biology and tissue engineering have profoundly renewed the field of liver organoids. More mature and complex, they now incorporate functional canalicular networks, metabolic gradients, and co-cultures including cholangiocytes, stellate cells, and macrophages. Advances in vascularization, bioprinting, and microfluidics are improving their stability and functionality, thereby enhancing their usefulness for disease modeling, pharmacology, personalized medicine, and future therapeutic applications.