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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

6.5K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
6.5K
Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

Rapidly Varying Flow

613
Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
613
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
30.8K
Precipitation Reactions03:10

Precipitation Reactions

68.0K
In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...
68.0K
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

6.9K
Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
6.9K
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

7.1K
After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
7.1K

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An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation
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Self-Organized Criticality in Atmospheric Rivers.

Shang Wang1, Jun Meng2, Sheng Fang1

  • 1Beijing Normal University, School of Systems Science/Institute of Nonequilibrium Systems, Beijing 100875, China.

Physical Review Letters
|March 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) exhibit universal signatures of self-organized criticality, behaving as self-regulating systems. Their scaling properties persist in a warming climate, indicating a critical state.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Physics
  • Climate Dynamics
  • Statistical Physics

Background:

  • Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are crucial for the global hydrological cycle, influencing water resources and extreme weather.
  • The statistical properties and physical mechanisms governing AR intensity and evolution are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the statistical organization and physical mechanisms of atmospheric rivers using methods from statistical physics.
  • To identify universal signatures of self-organized criticality in the full life cycle of ARs.

Main Methods:

  • Application of statistical physics methods to analyze AR life cycles.
  • Analysis of AR morphology for fractal geometry.
  • Quantification of AR event sizes via integrated water vapor transport.
  • Development of a moisture avalanche model to interpret emergent behaviors.

Main Results:

  • AR morphology displays nontrivial fractal geometry.
  • AR event sizes follow power-law distributions with finite-size scaling.
  • A moisture avalanche model successfully reproduces observed scaling laws.
  • Scaling properties of ARs persist under warming scenarios.
  • Observed systematic poleward migration and intensification of ARs.

Conclusions:

  • ARs exhibit universal signatures of self-organized criticality, operating near a critical state as emergent, self-regulating systems.
  • A statistical physics framework connects critical phenomena to extreme event structures in a warming climate.
  • Findings suggest ARs are intrinsically linked to climate dynamics and extreme weather patterns.