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State Safe Leave Policies to Address Domestic Violence
Avanti Adhia1, Ann E Richey2, Krista Neumann3
1Department of Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Safe leave policies offer crucial support for domestic violence survivors by providing paid time off for legal, medical, or safety needs. These policies help stabilize employment and improve well-being, though 23 states still lack such protections.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Labor Policy
- Sociology
Background:
- Domestic violence (DV) presents significant individual, community, and societal costs.
- Safe leave policies are designed to mitigate the disruptive effects of DV on employment and prevent further harm.
Purpose of the Study:
- To outline three state policy tools for safe leave: paid family and medical leave, sick leave, and victim leave.
- To analyze the tradeoffs of these approaches concerning the causes and consequences of DV.
- To assess the implications for survivor access, privacy, and stigma.
Main Methods:
- Review of state-level policy tools providing safe leave for DV-related absences.
- Analysis of the characteristics and implications of paid family and medical leave, sick leave, and victim leave policies.
- Examination of survivor access, privacy, and stigma associated with different safe leave approaches.
Main Results:
- As of October 2025, 27 states and DC offer explicit leave protections for DV-related absences.
- These protections utilize one or more of the three policy tools, each with distinct impacts on survivors.
- 23 states currently provide no safe leave options for DV survivors.
Conclusions:
- Well-designed safe leave policies can stabilize employment and enhance survivor well-being by providing protected time for essential needs.
- Opportunities exist to improve access and utilization through broader eligibility, reduced administrative burdens, and small employer subsidies.
- Safe leave is a promising policy strategy for improving DV survivor outcomes and population health.
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