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Sprint Physiology and Performance Determinants in Elite Track Cyclists
Anna Katharina Dunst1, Hans-Christer Holmberg2, Clemens Hesse3
1Department of Endurance Sports, Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
International Journal of Sports Medicine
|March 20, 2026
Summary
Elite track cyclists rely on different energy systems for maximal sprints. The alactic (without oxygen) pathway dominates short sprints, while the lactic (with oxygen) pathway is key for longer efforts up to 60 seconds.
Area of Science:
- Sports Science
- Exercise Physiology
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Maximal cycling sprints demand significant metabolic energy.
- Understanding energy system contributions is crucial for optimizing performance in elite track cyclists.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the temporal dynamics of metabolic energy contributions during maximal cycling sprints (3-60 seconds).
- To explore the association between energy system contributions and key performance metrics in elite track cyclists.
Main Methods:
- Fifteen elite male track cyclists performed maximal sprints of 3, 8, 12, and 60 seconds.
- Alactic, lactic, and aerobic energy contributions were quantified using the net energy supply methodology.
- Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was also conducted.
Main Results:
- Energy system contributions showed temporal specificity: alactic pathway dominated short sprints (3-12s), while lactic pathway was primary in 60s sprints.
- Neuromuscular metrics like maximal power output determined early sprint performance.
- Anaerobic work capacity became crucial for sustaining power in longer efforts.
Conclusions:
- Sprint performance up to 60 seconds is driven by a hierarchical, interdependent model of anaerobic power and aerobic support.
- Relative energy system contributions are consistent across elite cyclists despite individual performance differences.
- Findings inform training, interventions, and recovery strategies for maximal effort sports.
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