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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
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Ultrafast Intersystem Crossing in Icosahedral-Core Metal Nanoclusters.

Hongmae Heo1, Jieun Lee1, Yuhyeon Kim1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|March 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metal nanoclusters (NCs) rapidly form triplet states within 100 femtoseconds after photoexcitation. Different NC structures exhibit unique energy dissipation pathways, guiding future material design for energy applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) bridge molecular and nanoscale materials.
  • Understanding NC excited-state relaxation is crucial for developing predictive structure-photophysics relationships.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To resolve the earliest excited-state energy dissipation pathways in metal nanoclusters.
  • To elucidate the mechanistic role and timing of triplet-state formation in NCs.

Main Methods:

  • Broadband transient absorption spectroscopy.
  • Femtosecond-nanosecond time-resolved measurements.
  • Utilized prototypical Au25, Ag25, and Au13 nanoclusters as model systems.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated ultrafast intersystem crossing (sub-100 fs) populating triplet states in metal NCs.
  • Observed distinct transient spectral signatures confirming rapid triplet formation.
  • Identified structure-dependent relaxation pathways, including vibrational relaxation in flexible motifs.

Conclusions:

  • Established a revised mechanistic picture of excited-state energy dissipation in icosahedral-core metal NCs.
  • Unified the excited-state energy dissipation framework for triplet-emissive NCs.
  • Provided mechanistic guidelines for designing NCs for energy conversion and photochemical applications.