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Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures
Published on: November 11, 2016
Exercise timing and circadian regulation of metabolism in type 2 diabetes
Signe Schmidt Kjølner Hansen1, Juleen R Zierath2, Harriet Wallberg-Henriksson3
1Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Abstract:
The circadian system regulates daily rhythms in metabolism and hormone secretion; however, in type 2 diabetes, disrupted clock gene oscillations in skeletal muscle impair metabolic regulation. Insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic inflammation contribute to this circadian misalignment. Exercise can restore circadian rhythms, yet optimal timing has only recently been explored. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, afternoon and evening exercise yield greater improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity compared with morning exercise, with intensity appearing to influence these effects. Thus, appropriately timed exercise may help correct circadian disruption and glucose dysregulation in type 2 diabetes. Nonetheless, further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of exercise timing effects and establish evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice.
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