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Related Concept Videos

Experimental Designs01:16

Experimental Designs

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An experimental design is a systematic process that allows researchers to evaluate the relationship between dependent and independent variables. There are three widely used types of experimental design - pre-experimental design, true experimental design, and quasi-experimental design. In pre-experimental design, the researcher compares the data before and after some interventions or treatments. The true-experimental design has more than one purposefully created group, a commonly measured...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Insights into Remotely Supervised Neuromodulation Procedure for Phantom Limb Pain
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Randomized controlled trial of a remote-guided caffeine reduction intervention.

Alexandra W Knerr1, Justin C Strickland1, Breanna H Labos1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.

Drug and Alcohol Dependence
|March 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows a manualized caffeine fading intervention effectively reduces caffeine consumption and related symptoms. The intervention is feasible for unsupervised, remote use, offering a new option for those wanting to cut back on caffeine.

Keywords:
CaffeineCaffeine fadingRemoteSelf-helpTreatment manual

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Science
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive substance globally.
  • Many individuals desire to reduce caffeine intake, but effective interventions are scarce.
  • Adverse caffeine-related symptoms are common, impacting well-being.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a manualized, remote caffeine fading intervention for reducing caffeine consumption.
  • To assess the intervention's impact on caffeine-related adverse symptoms.
  • To determine the feasibility of an unsupervised, remote caffeine reduction treatment.

Main Methods:

  • A fully-remote, two-arm, parallel, open-label waitlist control randomized controlled trial.
  • Healthy adults interested in reducing caffeine use were randomized to immediate or delayed intervention.
  • Participants used a manual to systematically reduce caffeine intake over six weeks.

Main Results:

  • Mean daily caffeine consumption significantly decreased from 565mg to 233mg post-intervention (p < .0001, d=1.26).
  • Significant reductions were observed in PROMIS t-scores for sleep, anxiety, reflux, and diarrhea (d=0.67-1.04).
  • The delayed treatment group showed no significant reduction before the intervention began.

Conclusions:

  • The manualized caffeine fading intervention is a feasible and effective standalone treatment for reducing caffeine use.
  • This study represents the first clinical trial of caffeine reduction treatment conducted without direct clinical supervision.
  • Future research should explore digital adaptations to enhance intervention accessibility.