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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

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Novel drug development for geographic atrophy.

Hiu Ying Enne Leung1, Jingfa Zhang2, Nishant V Radke3

  • 1The Primasia International Eye Research Institute (PIERI), School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China.

Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.)
|March 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Geographic atrophy treatments show modest slowing of lesion growth but limited vision improvement. New therapies targeting diverse pathways are emerging, aiming for better vision preservation and restoration.

Keywords:
Age-related macular degenerationGeographic atrophyMolecular mechanismNovel drug developmentSubchoroidal space injectionTherapeutic pipeline

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced stage of dry age-related macular degeneration.
  • GA was previously untreatable but is now a focus of active therapeutic development.
  • Key pathways driving GA include complement system dysregulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular pathways driving geographic atrophy progression.
  • To discuss current and emerging therapeutic strategies for GA.
  • To identify unmet needs and challenges in GA treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific articles and clinical trial data.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying GA pathogenesis.
  • Evaluation of approved and investigational therapies for GA.

Main Results:

  • Complement inhibitors (Pegcetacoplan, Avacincaptad pegol) slow lesion growth but show inconsistent functional benefits.
  • A broad range of novel therapies targeting oxidative stress, neuroprotection, and other pathways are in development.
  • Emerging modalities like gene therapy and stem cells aim for retinal restoration.

Conclusions:

  • Current GA treatments offer modest anatomic benefits, highlighting the need for improved functional outcomes.
  • The expanding therapeutic landscape offers hope for better vision preservation and restoration in GA patients.
  • Addressing treatment burden, safety, and the anatomy-function disconnect is crucial for future therapies.