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Related Experiment Video

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Examining the Effect of Volitionally Altering Fundamental Frequency on Measures Associated With Vocal Hyperfunction.

Nichole Houle1, Manuel E Díaz Cádiz2, Cara E Stepp3

  • 1Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Binghamton University SUNY, Binghamton, New York.

Journal of Voice : Official Journal of the Voice Foundation
|March 21, 2026
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Summary

Altering vocal pitch to align with gender identity may increase vocal hyperfunction (VH) risks. This study found that changing fundamental frequency (fo) produced vocalizations more consistent with VH, especially in females lowering their pitch.

Keywords:
Fundamental frequencyGenderSexVocal hyperfunctionVoice

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Area of Science:

  • Speech-language pathology
  • Acoustic phonetics
  • Voice science

Background:

  • Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) aim to support gender-congruent voice use in transgender and nonbinary individuals.
  • A key concern is the potential for developing vocal hyperfunction (VH) during pitch modification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of volitionally altering fundamental frequency (fo) on measures associated with vocal hyperfunction (VH).
  • To compare vocal changes in males and females when altering fo in gender-typical directions.

Main Methods:

  • Forty participants (20 female, 20 male) without vocal complaints altered their habitual fo by two semitones.
  • Acoustic, aerodynamic, videostroboscopic, and perceptual measures were assessed under habitual and altered fo conditions.
  • Analysis focused on the interaction between sex and fo condition.

Main Results:

  • Seven of 13 measures were significantly affected by the sex and fo condition interaction.
  • Altered fo vocalizations were generally more consistent with VH than habitual fo vocalizations.
  • Females lowering fo showed increased vocal tract length and higher smoothed cepstral peak prominences (CPPS) and low-to-high (L/H) ratios; males raising fo showed shorter vocal tract lengths and lower L/H ratios.

Conclusions:

  • Volitionally altering fundamental frequency (fo) can induce physiological changes associated with vocal hyperfunction (VH).
  • Females exhibited more significant vocal measure changes than males when altering fo, contrary to expectations.
  • These findings highlight the physiological adjustments necessary for pitch modification and potential VH risks.