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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

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Exploring Gender and Age Differences in Explicit and Implicit Prejudice Toward Voice-Based Gender Nonconformity.

Hannah Xiaohan Wu1, Boby Ho-Hong Ching2, Tiffany Ting Chen3,4

  • 1School of Public Administration, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

Archives of Sexual Behavior
|March 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adolescents show prejudice towards gender-nonconforming voices, with attitudes varying by age and gender. Implicit bias against non-conforming female voices increases with age, highlighting developmental shifts in prejudice.

Keywords:
Explicit and implicit attitudesGender differencesGender nonconformityPrejudice

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Understanding adolescent attitudes towards gender expression is crucial.
  • Previous research has not fully explored age and gender influences on attitudes toward gender-nonconforming voices in Chinese adolescents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how age and gender influence Chinese adolescents' explicit and implicit attitudes toward adult speakers with gender-nonconforming voices.
  • To examine developmental trends and gender differences in prejudice.

Main Methods:

  • 214 adolescents (aged 9-18) participated.
  • Explicit attitudes assessed via questionnaire; implicit attitudes measured using Implicit Association Tests.
  • Participants grouped into younger (9-12), middle (13-15), and older (16-18) age brackets.

Main Results:

  • All age groups displayed more negative explicit and implicit attitudes toward gender-nonconforming voices.
  • Younger and middle adolescents showed more prejudice toward gender-nonconforming female voices than male voices.
  • Older adolescents, particularly boys, exhibited more negative attitudes; implicit bias against non-conforming female voices increased with age.

Conclusions:

  • Adolescent attitudes toward gender nonconformity are shaped by both age and gender.
  • A divergence exists between explicit and implicit biases, with implicit bias against gender-nonconforming female voices increasing during adolescence.
  • Findings underscore developmental variations in prejudice and responses to gender nonconformity.