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Vision01:24

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Light Acquisition02:16

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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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Visual System01:26

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
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Self-Adaptive Infrared Vision via Neural-Controlled Gain Compression in a Single Photodetector.

Yuxin Song1,2, Xin Li1,2, Junzhe Gu1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|March 23, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel neuromorphic photodetector mimicking biological vision. This device adapts to infrared light and polarization, enhancing autonomous sensing capabilities.

Keywords:
electrostatic barrier engineeringneural controlnonlinear responseself‐adaptive photodetectorvan der Waals heterostructure

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Area of Science:

  • Optoelectronics
  • Neuromorphic Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Biological vision uses gain control for light adaptation but lacks infrared and polarization sensing.
  • Existing photodetectors have limitations in dynamic range and adaptive capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a neuromorphic photodetector with self-adaptive gain control across infrared wavelengths and polarization.
  • To surpass human vision's limitations in sensing dynamic optical conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a gate-tunable gold/black phosphorus/palladium diselenide (Au/BP/PdSe2) van der Waals heterostructure (vdWH).
  • Implemented electrostatic barrier reconfiguration for nonlinear gain compression.
  • Integrated with a neural-network-based microcontroller for a closed-loop system.

Main Results:

  • Achieved eye-like nonlinear gain compression, dynamically modulating response area and responsivity.
  • Expanded the linear dynamic range (LDR) by three orders of magnitude (~80 dB at 1550 nm).
  • Demonstrated sub-millisecond response time and intrinsic polarization sensitivity (PR > 10).

Conclusions:

  • Established a scalable, intelligent optoelectronic platform for self-adaptive vision.
  • Augmented biological perception with advanced infrared and polarization sensing.
  • Advanced chip-scale self-adaptive vision for autonomous sensing and edge photonic intelligence.