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Updated: May 8, 2026

Fabrication of High Contrast Gratings for the Spectrum Splitting Dispersive Element in a Concentrated Photovoltaic System

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Compositional Gradient-Engineered Ti-WO₃ Films for Simultaneous Enhancement of Coloration Efficiency and Mechanical

Fang Luo¹, Chang-Shin Park¹, Yeoung-Eun Seo¹

¹School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyunggi-do, Republic of Korea.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|March 23, 2026

Summary

Gradient-engineered Ti-doped WO3 films enhance electrochromic devices by improving electron-ion coupling for better performance and flexibility. This novel architecture boosts optical modulation and coloration efficiency, paving the way for advanced optoelectronics.

Keywords:

WO3 electrochromic films co‐sputtering electro‐optical performance gradient Ti doping oxygen vacancy modulation

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Optoelectronics

Background:

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) are limited by slow ion diffusion and low charge utilization, hindering flexible optoelectronics.
Advancements in ECDs require improved electron-ion coupling and mechanical robustness.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a gradient-engineered Ti-doped WO3 architecture for enhanced ECD performance.
To investigate the impact of Ti concentration gradients on electron-ion coupling and Li+ transport.
To assess the optical modulation, coloration efficiency, and mechanical flexibility of the engineered films.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of Ti-doped WO3 films using modulated sputtering of TiO2 and W targets to create a Ti concentration gradient.
Characterization of film structure, optical properties, and electrochemical performance.
Evaluation of mechanical flexibility through bending tests.

Main Results:

A continuous Ti concentration gradient was successfully established, creating an internal electric field that promotes electron-ion synergy.
The optimized gradient film achieved 78.9% optical modulation and 137.4 cm2 C-1 coloration efficiency (CE), surpassing uniform doping.
The film demonstrated excellent flexibility, retaining 82% modulation after 500 bending cycles, with an increased CE of 213.73 cm2 C-1.

Conclusions:

The gradient doping strategy effectively enhances electron-ion coupling and Li+ transport in WO3 films.
This approach offers a universal design paradigm for high-performance flexible electrochromic and photoelectronic systems.
The developed architecture provides a pathway for next-generation energy-saving and adaptive optical technologies.